Vec4

#include <Imath/ImathVec.h>

The Vec4 class template represents a 4D vector, with predefined typedefs for vectors of type short, int, int64_t, float, and double.

Note that the integer specializations of Vec4 lack the length() and normalize() methods that are present in the float and double versions, because the results don’t fit into integer quantities.

There are also various utility functions that operate on vectors defined in ImathVecAlgo.h and described in Vector Functions.

Individual components of a vector V may be referenced as either V[i] or V.x, V.y, V.z, V.w. Obviously, the [] notation is more suited to looping over components, or in cases where a variable determines which coordinate is needed. However, when the coordinate is known, it can be more efficient to directly address the components, such as V.y rather than V[1]. While both appear to do the same thing (and indeed do generate the same machine operations for ordinary scalar code), when used inside loops that you hope to parallelize (either through compiler auto-vectorization or explicit hints such as #pragma omp simd), the function call and pointer casting of operator[] can confuse the compiler just enough to prevent vectorization of the loop.

Example:

#include <Imath/ImathVec.h>
#include <cassert>

void
vec4_example ()
{
    Imath::V4f a (1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f);
    Imath::V4f b; // b is uninitialized

    b.x = a[0];
    b.y = a[1];
    b.z = a[2];
    b.w = a[3];

    assert (a == b);

    assert (a.length () == sqrt (a ^ a));

    a.normalize ();
    assert (Imath::equalWithAbsError (a.length (), 1.0f, 1e-6f));
}

typedef Vec4<short> Imath::V4s

Vec4 of short.

typedef Vec4<int> Imath::V4i

Vec4 of integer.

typedef Vec4<int64_t> Imath::V4i64

Vec4 of int64_t.

typedef Vec4<float> Imath::V4f

Vec4 of float.

typedef Vec4<double> Imath::V4d

Vec4 of double.

template<class T>
class Vec4

4-element vector

Direct access to elements

T x

T y

T z

T w

Constructors and Assignment

inline Vec4() noexcept

Uninitialized by default.

inline explicit constexpr Vec4(T a) noexcept

Initialize to a scalar (a,a,a,a)

inline constexpr Vec4(T a, T b, T c, T d) noexcept

Initialize to given elements (a,b,c,d)

inline constexpr Vec4(const Vec4 &v) noexcept

Copy constructor.

template<class S>
inline constexpr Vec4(const Vec4<S> &v) noexcept

Construct from Vec4 of another base type.

template<class S>
inline explicit constexpr Vec4(const Vec3<S> &v) noexcept

Vec3 to Vec4 conversion, sets w to 1.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &operator=(const Vec4 &v) noexcept

Assignment.

~Vec4() noexcept = default

Destructor.

Arithmetic and Comparison

template<class S>
inline constexpr bool operator==(const Vec4<S> &v) const noexcept

Equality.

template<class S>
inline constexpr bool operator!=(const Vec4<S> &v) const noexcept

Inequality.

inline constexpr bool equalWithAbsError(const Vec4<T> &v, T e) const noexcept

Compare two matrices and test if they are “approximately equal”:

Returns:

True if the coefficients of this and m are the same with an absolute error of no more than e, i.e., for all i, j:

abs (this[i][j] - m[i][j]) <= e

inline constexpr bool equalWithRelError(const Vec4<T> &v, T e) const noexcept

Compare two matrices and test if they are “approximately equal”:

Returns:

True if the coefficients of this and m are the same with a relative error of no more than e, i.e., for all i, j:

abs (this[i] - v[i][j]) <= e * abs (this[i][j])

inline constexpr T dot(const Vec4 &v) const noexcept

Dot product.

inline constexpr T operator^(const Vec4 &v) const noexcept

Dot product.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &operator+=(const Vec4 &v) noexcept

Component-wise addition.

inline constexpr Vec4 operator+(const Vec4 &v) const noexcept

Component-wise addition.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &operator-=(const Vec4 &v) noexcept

Component-wise subtraction.

inline constexpr Vec4 operator-(const Vec4 &v) const noexcept

Component-wise subtraction.

inline constexpr Vec4 operator-() const noexcept

Component-wise multiplication by -1.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &negate() noexcept

Component-wise multiplication by -1.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &operator*=(const Vec4 &v) noexcept

Component-wise multiplication.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &operator*=(T a) noexcept

Component-wise multiplication.

inline constexpr Vec4 operator*(const Vec4 &v) const noexcept

Component-wise multiplication.

inline constexpr Vec4 operator*(T a) const noexcept

Component-wise multiplication.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &operator/=(const Vec4 &v) noexcept

Component-wise division.

inline constexpr const Vec4 &operator/=(T a) noexcept

Component-wise division.

inline constexpr Vec4 operator/(const Vec4 &v) const noexcept

Component-wise division.

inline constexpr Vec4 operator/(T a) const noexcept

Component-wise division.

Query and Manipulation

inline T length() const noexcept

Return the Euclidean norm.

inline constexpr T length2() const noexcept

Return the square of the Euclidean norm, i.e.

the dot product with itself.

inline const Vec4 &normalize() noexcept

Normalize in place. If length()==0, return a null vector.

inline const Vec4 &normalizeExc()

Normalize in place. If length()==0, throw an exception.

inline const Vec4 &normalizeNonNull() noexcept

Normalize without any checks for length()==0.

Slightly faster than the other normalization routines, but if v.length() is 0.0, the result is undefined.

inline Vec4<T> normalized() const noexcept

Return a normalized vector. Does not modify *this.

inline Vec4<T> normalizedExc() const

Return a normalized vector.

Does not modify *this. Throw an exception if length()==0.

inline Vec4<T> normalizedNonNull() const noexcept

Return a normalized vector.

Does not modify *this, and does not check for length()==0. Slightly faster than the other normalization routines, but if v.length() is 0.0, the result is undefined.

Numeric Limits

static inline constexpr T baseTypeLowest() noexcept

Largest possible negative value.

static inline constexpr T baseTypeMax() noexcept

Largest possible positive value.

static inline constexpr T baseTypeSmallest() noexcept

Smallest possible positive value.

static inline constexpr T baseTypeEpsilon() noexcept

Smallest possible e for which 1+e != 1.

Public Types

typedef T BaseType

The base type: In templates that accept a parameter V, you can refer to T as V::BaseType

Public Functions

inline constexpr T &operator[](int i) noexcept

Element access by index.

inline constexpr const T &operator[](int i) const noexcept

Element access by index.

Public Static Functions

static inline constexpr unsigned int dimensions() noexcept

Return the number of dimensions, i.e. 4.

template<class T>
std::ostream &Imath::operator<<(std::ostream &s, const Vec4<T> &v)

Stream output, as “(x y z w)”.